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LATAR BELAKANG Trombositopenia sering terjadi pada seorang ibu dan neonatus yang selalu disebabkan oleh destruksi trombosit (platelet destruction). Kadar trombosit ibu tidak hamil dan neonatus ialah 150.000 – 400.000 / µL ; dan pada perempuan hamil umumnya lebih rendah.
Trombositopenia dalam Kehamilan , sanggup disebabkan oleh banyak sekali penyebab:
- Trombositopenia Gestasional
- Infeksi virus dan bakteri
- Preeklampsia dengan komplikasi sindroma HELLP (hemolisis-Elevated Liver Enzyme dan Low Platelet.
PATOFISIOLOGI
Trombositopenia pada ITP terjadi oleh lantaran destruksi trombosit yang di mediasi oleh autoantibodi trombosit eksklusif terhadap antigen permukaan sel. Sistem retikuendotelial merusak antibodi-trombotis komplek. Autoantibodi ini sanggup menembus plasenta sehingga sanggup mengganggu ibu dan anak.
NAIT disebabkan oleh imunisasi maternal terhadap antigen “fetal paternally plateler-specific antigen ( seakan-akan dengan penyakit Rhesus ). Ibu mempunyai jumlah trombosit normal, namun janinnya mengalami trombositopenia berat.EPIDEMIOLOGI
Angka Kejadian :
Amerika
Angka insiden ITP : 1 – 2 masalah per 1000 persalinan[2]
Diagnosa ITP ditegakkan dikala investigasi antenatal pada pasien dengan riwayat kelainan darah.
Angka insiden NAIT : 1 – 2 masalah per 1000 persalinanInternasional
Angka insiden ITP : 1.8 masalah per 1000 persalinan di Helsinki, Finlandia. [3]
Angka kejdian NAIT : 0.5 masalah per 1000 persalinan dan 1.5 masalah per 1000 neonatus hidup di Inggris dan Perancis. [4]
Di Jepang angka insiden NAIT 0.3 masalah per 1000 lahir hidup dan adanya inkompatibilitas HPA (human Platelet Antigen) – 4 merupakan etiologi dari 80% kasus. [6] Rekurensi NAIT sangat tinggi (mendekati 100%) [7]
Immune thrombocytopenia. An infant born with neonatal lupus syndrome and severe thrombocytopenia. Note extensive bruising and petechiae.
Immune thrombocytopenia. An infant born with a cephalohematoma.
MORTALITAS dan MORBIDITAS
- Resiko ibu bersalin dengan ITP ialah perdarahan, terutama jikalau jumlah trombosit < 20.000. Trombositopenia neonatus akhir transportasi aktif antibodi trombosit transplasenta menyebabkan problem klinik yang bermakna dan terjadi 9 dari 66 kehamilan dengan ITP (13.6%). Dari kehamilan tersebut, 5 neonatus dari 66 kehamilan menderita trombositopenia dengan jumlah trombosit < 50.000/µL
- Trombositopenia neonatus yang jago menempatkan neonatus dalam resiko perdarahan intrakranial atau viseral.
- Morbiditas neonatus lebih sering terjadi pada NAIT dengan 10% kematian pada neonatus yang menderita dan 10% menderita kelainan neurologis akhir perdarahan intrakranial. Neonatus yang terkena mengatakan petechiae generalisata, perdarahan inraabominal dan perdarahan lainnya.
Immune thrombocytopenia. Neonatal brain at autopsy showing extensive subdural hemorrhage.
RAS
- ITP sanggup terjadi pada semua ras
- Lebih dari 50% masalah NAIT terjadi pada ras kulit putih
- ITP lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan (rasio 3:1).[12]
- NAIT pada neonatus sanggup terjadi pada kedua jenis kelamin
- Diagnosa ITP seringkali ditegakkan pada dekade II dan III kehidupan
- NAIT terjadi dalam kehidupann janin dengan 25 – 50% perdaeahan intrakranial terdeteksi pada investigasi USG prenatal sebelum onset persalinan[13]
ANAMNESA
- Ibu hamil dengan ITP sanggup tanpa tanda-tanda atau dengan tanda-tanda ringan (epistaksis atau perdarahan gusi, atau petekiae))
- Dapat terjadi riwayat menorrhagia atau menometrorrhagia sebelum kehamilan. ·
- Seorang perempuan dengan riwayat persalinan neonatus dengan trombositopenia, perdarahan viseral atau intrkranial patut diduga menderita NAIT. Namun, 50% neonatus dengan NAIT ialah anak pertama .
DIAGNOSA BANDING
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Cytomegalovirus
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
- HIV Disease
- Sepsis, Bacterial
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy
- Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
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